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== Alpine pertistent volume == {{{#!highlignt yaml $cat alpine-shared.yaml --- apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolume metadata: name: alpine-pv-volume labels: type: local spec: storageClassName: manual capacity: storage: 0.2Gi accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce hostPath: path: "/tmp/alpine-data" --- apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: alpine-pv-claim spec: storageClassName: manual accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 0.2Gi --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: alpine-pod labels: app: alpine-pod spec: volumes: - name: alpine-pv-storage persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: alpine-pv-claim containers: - name: alpine image: alpine:latest command: ["/bin/sleep", "3650d"] imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/mnt/alpine/data" name: alpine-pv-storage restartPolicy: Always }}} {{{#!highlight bash sudo kubectl apply -f alpine-shared.yaml sudo kubectl exec -it alpine-pod -- sh /mnt/alpine/data # echo "teste" > x.txt # inside pod cat /tmp/alpine-data/x.txt # k8s host }}} |
kubernetes
- deploy docker images in containers. Cluster has nodes. Nodes has pods/containers. Each cluster might correspond to a service.
- Ingress, An API object that manages external access to the services in a cluster, typically HTTP. Ideas like reverse-proxy and load balancer.
- minikube version # check version 1.2.0
- minikube start
1 $ minikube version
2 minikube version: v1.2.0
3 $ minikube start
4 * minikube v1.2.0 on linux (amd64)
5 * Creating none VM (CPUs=2, Memory=2048MB, Disk=20000MB) ...
6 * Configuring environment for Kubernetes v1.15.0 on Docker 18.09.5
7 - kubelet.resolv-conf=/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf
8 * Pulling images ...
9 * Launching Kubernetes ...
10
11 * Configuring local host environment ...
12 * Verifying: apiserver proxy etcd scheduler controller dns
13 * Done! kubectl is now configured to use "minikube"
cluster details and health status
get cluster nodes
deploy containers
1 # deploy container
2 $ kubectl create deployment first-deployment --image=katacoda/docker-http-server
3 deployment.apps/first-deployment created
4 $ # deploy container in cluster
5 # check pods
6 $ kubectl get pods
7 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
8 first-deployment-8cbf74484-s2fkl 1/1 Running 0 25s
9 # expose deployment
10 $ kubectl expose deployment first-deployment --port=80 --type=NodePort
11 service/first-deployment exposed
12
13 $ kubectl get svc first-deployment
14 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
15 first-deployment NodePort 10.98.246.87 <none> 80:31219/TCP 105s
16 # do request to port 80 in cluster ip
17 $ curl 10.98.246.87:80
18 <h1>This request was processed by host: first-deployment-8cbf74484-s2fkl</h1>
19
20 $curl host01:31219
21 <h1>This request was processed by host: first-deployment-8cbf74484-s2fkl</h1>
dashboard
1 $ minikube addons enable dashboard
2 #The Kubernetes dashboard allows you to view your applications
3 in a UI.
4 * dashboard was successfully enabled
5 $ kubectl apply -f /opt/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
6 # only in katacoda
7 service/kubernetes-dashboard-katacoda created
8
9 # check progress
10 $ kubectl get pods -n kube-system -w #check progress
11 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
12 coredns-5c98db65d4-b2kxm 1/1 Running 0 17m
13 coredns-5c98db65d4-mm567 1/1 Running 1 17m
14 etcd-minikube 1/1 Running 0 16m
15 kube-addon-manager-minikube 1/1 Running 0 16m
16 kube-apiserver-minikube 1/1 Running 0 16m
17 kube-controller-manager-minikube 1/1 Running 0 16m
18 kube-proxy-pngm9 1/1 Running 0 17m
19 kube-scheduler-minikube 1/1 Running 0 16m
20 kubernetes-dashboard-7b8ddcb5d6-xt5nt 1/1 Running 0 76s
21 storage-provisioner 1/1 Running 0 17m
22
23 ^C$
24 # dashboard url https://2886795294-30000-kitek05.environments.katacoda.com/
25 # how to launch a Single Node Kubernetes cluster.
26
Init master
1 master $ kubeadm init --kubernetes-version $(kubeadm version -o short)
2 [init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.14.0
3 [preflight] Running pre-flight checks
4 [preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
5 [preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
6 [preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
7 [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
8 [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
9 [kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
10 [certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
11 [certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
12 [certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
13 [certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [master kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 172.17.0.69]
14 [certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
15 [certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
16 [certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
17 [certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
18 [certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
19 [certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
20 [certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
21 [certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [master localhost] and IPs [172.17.0.69 127.0.0.1 ::1]
22 [certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
23 [certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [master localhost] and IPs [172.17.0.69 127.0.0.1 ::1]
24 [certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
25 [kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
26 [kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
27 [kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
28 [kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
29 [kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
30 [control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
31 [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
32 [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
33 [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
34 [etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
35 [wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
36 [apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 16.503433 seconds
37 [upload-config] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system"Namespace
38 [kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.14" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
39 [upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --experimental-upload-certs
40 [mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''"
41 [mark-control-plane] Marking the node master as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
42 [bootstrap-token] Using token: xfvno5.q2xfb2m3nw7grdjm
43 [bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
44 [bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
45 [bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approveCSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
46 [bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
47 [bootstrap-token] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
48 [addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
49 [addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy
50
51 Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!
52
53 To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
54
55 mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
56 sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
57 sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
58
59 You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
60 Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
61 https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
62
63 Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:
64
65 kubeadm join 172.17.0.69:6443 --token xfvno5.q2xfb2m3nw7grdjm \
66 --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:26d11c038d236967630d401747f210af9e3679fb1638e8b599a2da4cb98ab159
deploy cni weaveworks - deploy a pod network to the cluster
Container Network Interface (CNI) defines how the different nodes and their workloads should communicate. Weave Net provides a network to connect all pods together, implementing the Kubernetes model. Kubernetes uses the Container Network Interface (CNI) to join pods onto Weave Net.
1 master $ kubectl apply -f /opt/weave-kube
2 serviceaccount/weave-net created
3 clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
4 clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
5 role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
6 rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/weave-net created
7 daemonset.extensions/weave-net created
8
9 master $ kubectl get pod -n kube-system
10 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
11 coredns-fb8b8dccf-b9rd7 1/1 Running 0 11m
12 coredns-fb8b8dccf-sfgbn 1/1 Running 0 11m
13 etcd-master 1/1 Running 0 10m
14 kube-apiserver-master 1/1 Running 0 10m
15 kube-controller-manager-master 1/1 Running 0 10m
16 kube-proxy-l42wp 1/1 Running 0 11m
17 kube-scheduler-master 1/1 Running 1 10m
18 weave-net-mcxml 2/2 Running 0 84s
join cluster
1 # in node01
2 # join cluster
3 kubeadm join --discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification --token=xfvno5.q2xfb2m3nw7grdjm 172.17.0.69:6443
4 [preflight] Running pre-flight checks
5 [preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
6 [preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
7 [kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.14" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
8 [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
9 [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
10 [kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service
11 [kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...
12
13 This node has joined the cluster:
14 * Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
15 * The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.
16
17 Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.
18 # The --discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification tag is used to bypass the Discovery Token verification.
19
20 # in master
21 master $ kubectl get nodes
22 NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
23 master Ready master 17m v1.14.0
24 node01 Ready <none> 107s v1.14.0 bootstrap token generated b
25 master $
26
27 # in node01
28 node01 $ kubectl get nodesThe connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port
29 ?
30 node01 $
deploy container in cluster
1 master $ kubectl create deployment http --image=katacoda/docker-http-server:latest
2 deployment.apps/http created
3 master $ kubectl get pods
4 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
5 http-7f8cbdf584-74pd9 1/1 Running 0 11s
6
7 master $ docker ps | grep http-server
8 master $
9
10 node01 $ docker ps | grep http-serveradb3cde7f861 katacoda/docker-http-server "/app" About a minute ago
11 Up About a minute k8s_docker-http-server_http-7f8cbdf584-74pd9_default_04a
12 17065-b08d-11e9-bff1-0242ac110045_0
13
14 # expose deployment
15 master $ kubectl get pods
16 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
17 http-7f8cbdf584-74pd9 1/1 Running 0 17m bootstrap token generated b
18 master $ kubectl expose deployment http --port=80 --type=NodePort
19 service/http exposed
20
21 master $ kubectl get service http
22 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
23 http NodePort 10.101.65.149 <none> 80:30982/TCP 49s
24
25 master $ curl 10.101.65.149:80
26 <h1>This request was processed by host: http-7f8cbdf584-74pd9</h1>
27
28 master $ curl http://10.101.65.149
29 <h1>This request was processed by host: http-7f8cbdf584-74pd9</h1>
apply dashboard in cluster
- Dashboard General-purpose web UI for Kubernetes clusters Dashboard Version: v1.10.0
master $ kubectl apply -f dashboard.yaml secret/kubernetes-dashboard-certs created serviceaccount/kubernetes-dashboard created role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-minimal created rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kubernetes-dashboard-minimal created deployment.apps/kubernetes-dashboard created service/kubernetes-dashboard created master $ kubectl get pods -n kube-system NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEcoredns-fb8b8dccf-b9rd7 1/1 Running 0 42mcoredns-fb8b8dccf-sfgbn 1/1 Running 0 42m etcd-master 1/1 Running 0 41m kube-apiserver-master 1/1 Running 0 40m kube-controller-manager-master 1/1 Running 0 40m kube-proxy-gwrps 1/1 Running 0 26m kube-proxy-l42wp 1/1 Running 0 42m kube-scheduler-master 1/1 Running 1 40m kubernetes-dashboard-5f57845f9d-ls7q2 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 2s weave-net-gww8b 2/2 Running 0 26m weave-net-mcxml 2/2 Running 0 31m
Create service accoun for dashboard
cat <<EOF | kubectl create -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: admin-user
namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: admin-user
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: admin-user
namespace: kube-system
EOF
# Get login token
kubectl -n kube-system describe secret $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | grep admin-user | awk '{print $1}')
When the dashboard was deployed, it used externalIPs to bind the service to port 8443. This makes the dashboard available to outside of the cluster and viewable at https://2886795335-8443-kitek05.environments.katacoda.com/
# Use the admin-user token to access the dashboard.
https://2886795335-8443-kitek05.environments.katacoda.com/#!/login
# sign in using token
eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJrdWJlLXN5c3RlbSIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VjcmV0Lm5hbWUiOiJhZG1pbi11c2VyLXRva2VuLXNzcTl4Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9zZXJ2aWNlLWFjY291bnQubmFtZSI6ImFkbWluLXVzZXIiLCJrdWJlcm5ldGVzLmlvL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50L3NlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudC51aWQiOiI2Y2RiNGZmMy1iMDkwLTExZTktYmZmMS0wMjQyYWMxMTAwNDUiLCJzdWIiOiJzeXN0ZW06c2VydmljZWFjY291bnQ6a3ViZS1zeXN0ZW06YWRtaW4tdXNlciJ9.R2OtDYxXaR0Pgluzq1m8FMZflF2tdYtJdG5XhkVC28vf1WkJu-Zo51I5ONUiK2WdBEMPw-N2PW_R9l6lak1clvlxfUSn777nThYSxhmR5pfxi6GmDlFo928KJvWVPDen1jrzAaQOEUZ1maOzPcnjKGpR-CRTgmYDnxZY84rqi68y0vfdn16ER8HeW-wkJ-hfGyUAhryk_ob1CUBjjbs-vefpaLcHLdrWNaKaFi1j5fCc_eJi10FpSTmuBsb04xgN0I17hkTlSw2fyOAj7LtC3pBDrK0nOdHCJkBEtsg89rkvLufYph5AFeoWQVKdW9JZH8BYS91BFla7pZnTwdBVeA
https://2886795335-8443-kitek05.environments.katacoda.com/#!/overview?namespace=default
services
Start containers using Kubectl
1 minikube start # start kubernetes cluster and its components
2 * minikube v1.2.0 on linux (amd64)
3 * Creating none VM (CPUs=2, Memory=2048MB, Disk=20000MB) ...
4 * Configuring environment for Kubernetes v1.15.0 on Docker 18.09.5
5 - kubelet.resolv-conf=/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf
6 * Pulling images ...
7 * Launching Kubernetes ...
8 * Configuring local host environment ...
9 * Verifying: apiserver proxy etcd
10
11 scheduler controller dns
12 * Done! kubectl is now configured to use "minikube"
13
14 $ kubectl get nodes
15 NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
16 minikube Ready master 2m2s v1.15.0
17
18 $ kubectl get service
19 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
20 kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 2m18s
21 # This deployment is issued to the Kubernetes master which launches the Pods and containers required. Kubectl run_ is similar to docker run but at a cluster
22 level.
23
24 # launch a deployment called http which will start a container based on the Docker Image katacoda/docker-http-server:latest.
25 $ kubectl run http --image=katacoda/docker-http-server:latest --replicas=1
26 kubectl run --generator=deployment/apps.v1 is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version.Use kubectl run --generator=run-pod/v1 or kubectl create instead.
27 deployment.apps/http created
28 $ kubectl get deployments
29 NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
30 http 1/1 1 1 6s
31
32 # you can describe the deployment process.
33 kubectl describe deployment http
34
35 # expose the container port 80 on the host 8000 binding to the external-ip of the host.
36 $ kubectl expose deployment http --external-ip="172.17.0.13" --port=8000 --target-port=80
37 service/http exposed
38
39 $ curl http://172.17.0.13:8000
40 <h1>This request was processed by host: http-5fcf9dd9cb-zfkkz</h1>
41
42 $ kubectl get pods
43 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
44 http-5fcf9dd9cb-zfkkz 1/1 Running 0 3m26s
45
46 $ kubectl get service
47 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
48 http ClusterIP 10.100.157.159 172.17.0.13 8000/TCP 57s
49 kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 7m41s
50
51 $ curl http://10.100.157.159:8000
52 <h1>This request was processed by host: http-5fcf9dd9cb-zfkkz</h1>
53
54 $ kubectl run httpexposed --image=katacoda/docker-http-server:latest --replicas=1 --port=80 --host
55 port=8001
56 kubectl run --generator=deployment/apps.v1 is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version.
57 Use kubectl run --generator=run-pod/v1 or kubectl create instead.
58 deployment.apps/httpexposed created
59 $ curl http://172.17.0.13:8001
60 <h1>This request was processed by host: httpexposed-569df5d86-rzzhb</h1>
61 $ kubectl get svc
62 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
63 http ClusterIP 10.100.157.159 172.17.0.13 8000/TCP 3m50s
64 kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 10m
65
66 $ kubectl get pods
67 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
68 http-5fcf9dd9cb-zfkkz 1/1 Running 0 7m9s
69 httpexposed-569df5d86-rzzhb 1/1 Running 0 36s
70
71 # Scaling the deployment will request Kubernetes to launch additional Pods.
72 $ kubectl scale --replicas=3 deployment http
73 deployment.extensions/http scaled
74
75 $ kubectl get pods # amount of pods for service http increased to 3
76 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
77 http-5fcf9dd9cb-fhljh 1/1 Running 0 31s
78 http-5fcf9dd9cb-wb2dh 1/1 Running 0 31s
79 http-5fcf9dd9cb-zfkkz 1/1 Running 0 9m27s
80 httpexposed-569df5d86-rzzhb 1/1 Running 0 2m54s
81
82 # Once each Pod starts it will be added to the load balancer service.
83
84 $ kubectl get service
85 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
86 http ClusterIP 10.100.157.159 172.17.0.13 8000/TCP 7m28s
87 kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 14m
88
89 $ kubectl describe svc http
90 Name: http
91 Namespace: defaultLabels: run=httpAnnotations: <none>
92 Selector: run=httpType: ClusterIPIP: 10.100.157.159
93 External IPs: 172.17.0.13
94 Port: <unset> 8000/TCP
95 TargetPort: 80/TCP
96 Endpoints: 172.18.0.4:80,172.18.0.6:80,172.18.0.7:80
97 Session Affinity: None
98 Events: <none>
99
100 $ curl http://172.17.0.13:8000
101 <h1>This request was processed by host: http-5fcf9dd9cb-wb2dh</h1>
102 $ curl http://172.17.0.13:8000
103 <h1>This request was processed by host: http-5fcf9dd9cb-fhljh</h1>
104 $ curl http://172.17.0.13:8000
105 <h1>This request was processed by host: http-5fcf9dd9cb-zfkkz</h1>
Certified kubernetes application developer
1 master $ launch.sh
2 Waiting for Kubernetes to start...
3 Kubernetes started
4 master $ kubectl get nodes
5 NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
6 master Ready master 85m v1.14.0
7 node01 Ready <none> 85m v1.14.0
8
9 # deploy app
10 master $ kubectl create deployment examplehttpapp --image=katacoda/docker-http-server
11 deployment.apps/examplehttpapp created
12
13 # view all deployments
14 kubectl get deployments
15 NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
16 examplehttpapp 1/1 1 1 25s
17
18 # A deployment will launch a set of Pods. A pod is a group of one or more containers deployed across the cluster.
19 kubectl get pods
20 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
21 examplehttpapp-58f66848-n7wn7 1/1 Running 0 71s
22
23 # show pod ip and node where it is
24 master $ kubectl get pods -o wide
25 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
26 examplehttpapp-58f66848-n7wn7 1/1 Running 0 113s 10.44.0.2 node01 <none> <none>
27
28 # describe pod
29 master $ kubectl describe pod examplehttpapp-58f66848-n7wn7
30 Name: examplehttpapp-58f66848-n7wn7
31 Namespace: default
32 Priority: 0
33 PriorityClassName: <none>
34 Node: node01/172.17.0.24
35 Start Time: Sat, 27 Jul 2019 17:59:35 +0000
36 Labels: app=examplehttpapp
37 pod-template-hash=58f66848
38 Annotations: <none>
39 Status: Running
40 IP: 10.44.0.2
41
42 # List all namespaces with in the cluster with
43 kubectl get namespaces
44 kubectl get ns
45
46 # The namespaces can be used to filter queries to the available objects.
47 kubectl get pods -n kube-system
48
49 master $ kubectl create ns testns
50 namespace/testns created
51 master $ kubectl create deployment namespacedeg -n testns --image=katacoda/docker-http-server
52 deployment.apps/namespacedeg created
53 master $ kubectl get pods -n testns
54 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
55 namespacedeg-74dcc7dc64-wcxnj 1/1 Running 0 3s
56 master $ kubectl get pods -n testns -o wide
57 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
58 namespacedeg-74dcc7dc64-wcxnj 1/1 Running 0 18s 10.44.0.3 node01 <none> <none>
59
60 # Kubectl can help scale the number of Pods running for a deployment, referred to as replicas.
61 master $ kubectl scale deployment examplehttpapp --replicas=5
62 deployment.extensions/examplehttpapp scaled
63 master $ kubectl get deployments -o wide
64 NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR
65 examplehttpapp 5/5 5 5 9m6s docker-http-server katacoda/docker-http-server app=examplehttpapp
66 master $ kubectl get pods -o wide
67 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
68 examplehttpapp-58f66848-cf6pl 1/1 Running 0 65s 10.44.0.6 node01 <none> <none>
69 examplehttpapp-58f66848-lfrq4 1/1 Running 0 65s 10.44.0.5 node01 <none> <none>
70 examplehttpapp-58f66848-n7wn7 1/1 Running 0 9m26s 10.44.0.2 node01 <none> <none>
71 examplehttpapp-58f66848-snwl7 1/1 Running 0 65s 10.44.0.7 node01 <none> <none>
72 examplehttpapp-58f66848-vd8db 1/1 Running 0 65s 10.44.0.4 node01 <none> <none>
73
74 # everything within Kubernetes is controllable as YAML.
75 kubectl edit deployment examplehttpapp # opens vi/vim, changing the spec.replicas to 10 after saving the file increased the number of pods
76
77 master $ kubectl get nodes -o wide
78 NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION INTERNAL-IP EXTERNAL-IP OS-IMAGE KERNEL-VERSION CONTAINER-RUNTIME
79 master Ready master 102m v1.14.0 172.17.0.19 <none> Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS 4.4.0-150-generic docker://18.9.5
80 node01 Ready <none> 102m v1.14.0 172.17.0.24 <none> Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS 4.4.0-150-generic docker://18.9.5
81
82 # Image can be changed using the set image command, rollout
83 # apply new image to the pods/containers
84 master $ kubectl --record=true set image deployment examplehttpapp docker-http-server=katacoda/docker-http-server:v2
85 deployment.extensions/examplehttpapp image updated
86 master $ kubectl rollout status deployment examplehttpapp
87 Waiting for deployment "examplehttpapp" rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
88 Waiting for deployment "examplehttpapp" rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
89 Waiting for deployment "examplehttpapp" rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
90 Waiting for deployment "examplehttpapp" rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
91 Waiting for deployment "examplehttpapp" rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
92 Waiting for deployment "examplehttpapp" rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
93 Waiting for deployment "examplehttpapp" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
94 Waiting for deployment "examplehttpapp" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
95 deployment "examplehttpapp" successfully rolled out
96
97 # rollback deployment
98 master $ kubectl rollout undo deployment examplehttpapp
99 deployment.extensions/examplehttpapp rolled back
100
101 # The expose command will create a new service for a deployment. The port specifies the port of the application we want to available
102 master $ kubectl expose deployment examplehttpapp --port 80
103 service/examplehttpapp exposed
104 master $ kubectl get svc -o wide
105 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE SELECTOR
106 examplehttpapp ClusterIP 10.103.93.196 <none> 80/TCP 13s app=examplehttpapp
107 kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 105m <none>
108 master $ kubectl describe svc examplehttpapp
109 Name: examplehttpapp
110 Namespace: default
111 Labels: app=examplehttpapp
112 Annotations: <none>
113 Selector: app=examplehttpapp
114 Type: ClusterIP
115 IP: 10.103.93.196
116 Port: <unset> 80/TCP
117 TargetPort: 80/TCP
118 Endpoints: 10.44.0.2:80,10.44.0.4:80,10.44.0.5:80
119 Session Affinity: None
120 Events: <none>
121
122 # But how does Kubernetes know where to send traffic? That is managed by Labels.
123 Each Object within Kubernetes can have a label attached, allowing Kubernetes to discover and use the configuration.
124
125 master $ kubectl get services -l app=examplehttpapp -o go-template='{{(index .items 0).spec.clusterIP}}'
126 10.103.93.196master $ kubectl get services
127 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
128 examplehttpapp ClusterIP 10.103.93.196 <none> 80/TCP 2m32s
129 kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 107m
130
131 master $ kubectl get services -o wide
132 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE SELECTOR
133 examplehttpapp ClusterIP 10.103.93.196 <none> 80/TCP 2m36s app=examplehttpapp
134 kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 107m <none>
135
136 # kubectl logs to to view the logs for Pods
137 master $ kubectl logs $(kubectl get pods -l app=examplehttpapp -o go-template='{{(index .items 0).metadata.name}}')
138 Web Server started. Listening on 0.0.0.0:80
139
140 # view the CPU or Memory usage of a node or Pod
141 master $ kubectl top node
142 NAME CPU(cores) CPU% MEMORY(bytes) MEMORY%
143 master 133m 3% 1012Mi 53%
144 node01 49m 1% 673Mi 17%
145 master $ kubectl top pod
146 NAME CPU(cores) MEMORY(bytes)
147 examplehttpapp-58f66848-ctnml 0m 0Mi
148 examplehttpapp-58f66848-gljk9 1m 0Mi
149 examplehttpapp-58f66848-hfqts 1m 0Mi
k3s - Lightweight Kubernetes
K3S works great from something as small as a Raspberry Pi to an AWS a1.4xlarge 32GiB server. Download k3s - latest release, x86_64, ARMv7, and ARM64 are supported Situations where a PhD in k8s clusterology is infeasible
1 curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | sh -
2
3 root@debian:/home/user# curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | sh -
4 [INFO] Finding latest release
5 [INFO] Using v1.17.0+k3s.1 as release
6 [INFO] Downloading hash https://github.com/rancher/k3s/releases/download/v1.17.0+k3s.1/sha256sum-amd64.txt
7 [INFO] Downloading binary https://github.com/rancher/k3s/releases/download/v1.17.0+k3s.1/k3s
8 [INFO] Verifying binary download
9 [INFO] Installing k3s to /usr/local/bin/k3s
10 [INFO] Creating /usr/local/bin/kubectl symlink to k3s
11 [INFO] Creating /usr/local/bin/crictl symlink to k3s
12 [INFO] Creating /usr/local/bin/ctr symlink to k3s
13 [INFO] Creating killall script /usr/local/bin/k3s-killall.sh
14 [INFO] Creating uninstall script /usr/local/bin/k3s-uninstall.sh
15 [INFO] env: Creating environment file /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service.env
16 [INFO] systemd: Creating service file /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service
17 [INFO] systemd: Enabling k3s unit
18 Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/k3s.service → /etc/systemd/system/k3s.service.
19 [INFO] systemd: Starting k3s
20 root@debian:/home/user#
21
22 k3s kubectl cluster-info
23 kubectl create deployment springboot-test --image=vbodocker/springboot-test:latest
24 kubectl expose deployment springboot-test --port=8000 --target-port=8080 --type=NodePort
25 kubectl get services
26 IP_SPRINGBOOT=$(kubectl get services | grep springboot | awk '//{print $3}')
27 curl http://$IP_SPRINGBOOT:8000/dummy
28
29 # list containerd images and containers
30 k3s crictl images
31 k3s crictl ps
32 # connect to container id
33 crictl exec -it 997a2ad8c763a sh
34
35 # connect to container/pod
36 kubectl get pods
37 kubectl exec -it springboot-test-6bb5fdfc48-phh8k sh
38 cat /etc/os-release # alpine linux in container
39
40 # give sudo rights to user
41 /sbin/usermod -aG sudo user
42 # scale pods
43 sudo kubectl scale deployment springboot-test --replicas=3
44 sudo kubectl get pods -o wide
45 # add mariadb pod/service
46 sudo kubectl create deployment mariadb-test --image=mariadb:latest
47 sudo kubectl get pods -o wide
48 sudo kubectl delete deployment mariadb-test
49 # https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/run-single-instance-stateful-application/
50 sudo kubectl apply -f mariadb-pv.yaml
51 #persistentvolume/mariadb-pv-volume created
52 #persistentvolumeclaim/mariadb-pv-claim created
53 sudo kubectl apply -f mariadb-deployment.yaml
54 #service/mariadb created
55 #deployment.apps/mariadb created
56 sudo kubectl describe deployment mariadb
57 sudo kubectl get svc -o wide
58 # connect to mariabdb pod
59 sudo kubectl exec -it mariadb-8578f4dc8c-r4ftv /bin/bash
60 ss -atn # show ports tcp listening
61 ip address # show ip addresses
62 mysql -h localhost -p
63 mysql -u root -h 10.42.0.12 -p
64
65 # delete service, persistent volume claim and persistent volume
66 sudo kubectl delete deployment,svc mariadb
67 sudo kubectl delete pvc mariadb-pv-claim
68 sudo kubectl delete pv mariadb-pv-volume
mariadb-pv.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: mariadb-pv-volume
labels:
type: local
spec:
storageClassName: manual
capacity:
storage: 1Gi
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
hostPath:
path: "/mnt/data"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: mariadb-pv-claim
spec:
storageClassName: manual
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
mariadb-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: mariadb
spec:
ports:
- port: 3306
selector:
app: mariadb
clusterIP: None
---
apiVersion: apps/v1 # for versions before 1.9.0 use apps/v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: mariadb
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: mariadb
strategy:
type: Recreate
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: mariadb
spec:
containers:
- image: mariadb:latest
name: mariadb
env:
# Use secret in real usage
- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
value: password
ports:
- containerPort: 3306
name: mariadb
volumeMounts:
- name: mariadb-persistent-storage
mountPath: /var/lib/mariadb
volumes:
- name: mariadb-persistent-storage
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: mariadb-pv-claim
Init containers
Init containers can contain utilities or setup scripts not present in an app image.
systemctl commands
- systemctl stop k3s
- systemctl status k3s
- systemctl disable k3s.service
- systemctl stop mono-xsp4.service
- systemctl disable mono-xsp4.service
Ubuntu pod
Alpine pod
Nginx persistent volume
1 # pv-pod.yaml
2 apiVersion: v1
3 kind: Pod
4 metadata:
5 name: task-pv-pod
6 spec:
7 volumes:
8 - name: task-pv-storage
9 persistentVolumeClaim:
10 claimName: task-pv-claim
11 containers:
12 - name: task-pv-container
13 image: nginx
14 ports:
15 - containerPort: 80
16 name: "http-server"
17 volumeMounts:
18 - mountPath: "/usr/share/nginx/html"
19 name: task-pv-storage
1 sudo kubectl apply -f pv-volume.yaml
2 sudo kubectl apply -f pv-claim.yaml
3 sudo kubectl apply -f pv-pod.yaml
4 sudo kubectl get pods -o wide
5 curl http://10.42.0.28/
6 sudo kubectl exec -it task-pv-pod -- bash
7 cd /usr/share/nginx/html
8 echo "Hey from Kubernetes storage" > index.html
9 cat /etc/os-release # debian buster
10 kubectl delete pod task-pv-pod
11 kubectl delete pvc task-pv-claim
12 kubectl delete pv task-pv-volume
13 cat /tmp/data/index.html
Generate yaml
- sudo kubectl create deployment cherrypy-test --image=vbodocker/cherrypy-test --dry-run=client --output=yaml
sudo kubectl expose deployment cherrypy-test --port=8080 --type=NodePort --dry-run=client --output=yaml
- sudo kubectl scale deployment cherrypy-test --replicas=3 --dry-run=client --output=yaml
Alpine pertistent volume
$cat alpine-shared.yaml
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: alpine-pv-volume
labels:
type: local
spec:
storageClassName: manual
capacity:
storage: 0.2Gi
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
hostPath:
path: "/tmp/alpine-data"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: alpine-pv-claim
spec:
storageClassName: manual
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 0.2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: alpine-pod
labels:
app: alpine-pod
spec:
volumes:
- name: alpine-pv-storage
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: alpine-pv-claim
containers:
- name: alpine
image: alpine:latest
command: ["/bin/sleep", "3650d"]
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: "/mnt/alpine/data"
name: alpine-pv-storage
restartPolicy: Always