Debian

Debian is a free operating system (OS) for your computer. An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your computer run.

All packages list

http://packages.debian.org/stable/allpackages

Sample service blah

File in /etc/init.d/blah with chmod 755:

   1 #! /bin/sh
   2 # /etc/init.d/blah
   3 #
   4 
   5 # Some things that run always
   6 touch /var/lock/blah
   7 
   8 # Carry out specific functions when asked to by the system
   9 case "$1" in
  10   start)
  11     echo "Starting script blah "
  12     echo "Could do more here"
  13     ;;
  14   stop)
  15     echo "Stopping script blah"
  16     echo "Could do more here"
  17     ;;
  18   *)
  19     echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/blah {start|stop}"
  20     exit 1
  21     ;;
  22 esac
  23 
  24 exit 0

Add service

• update-rc.d blah defaults
• update-rc.d blah defaults 20 80
• update-rc.d blah start 20 2 3 4 . start 30 5 . stop 80 0 1 6 .

Remove service

• update-rc.d -f blah remove

Check services status

• service --status-all
• service blah status

Install Debian Wheezy 32 bit

Base Install DW (Debian Wheezy)

In Virtualbox

• new,
• type linux
• version debian
• name DW
• memory size 512 MB,
• create virtual hard drive
• vdi type
• dynamically allocated
• 8 GB
• power on
• choose debian-7.3.0-i386-DVD-1.iso
• install
• language english
• country, other, europe, portugal
• locale united states
• keyboard portuguese
• hostname dw
• domain name example.org
• root password ********
• Real name Vitor
• username for account vitor
• password for vitor ********
• timezone Lisbon
• Partitioning method, guided, use entire disk and setup LVM
• use SCSI3 sda
• Separate /home /usr /var and tmp partitions
• Write the changes to disk and configure LVM yes
• Finish partitioning and write changes to disk
• write the changes to disk? yes
• scan another dvd or cd? no
• use a network mirror? no
• participate in the package usage survey? no
• software to install: SSH server, standard system utilities, continue
• install grub bootloader to the master boot record? yes
• installation complete, continue
• reboot
• login with root user
• ifconfig
• ping www.sapo.pt
• apt-get update
• python -V # version 2.7.3

• dpkg -l > /tmp/initialPackages.txt

Installation Debian 7.5.0 amd64 (Wheezy)

Fetch and burn the ISO

• wget http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/7.5.0/amd64/iso-dvd/debian-7.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso

• modprobe sg # fpr cdrecord
• cdrecord -scanbus #identify the device
• cdrecord -dev=1,0,0 -pad -data debian-7.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
• # eject the DVD after burning
• cd /
• mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom #check DVD
• cd /mnt/cdrom
• ls
• cd /
• umount /mnt/cdrom

Install

• Boot the machine
• Insert DVD
• select install
• language: english
• country, other, Europe, Portugal
• default locale, United States
• keymap: portuguese
• load missing firmware from removable media? no
• hostname for system: debianWheezy
• domain name: bitarus.allowed.org
• root pass: ........
• full name new user: vitor
• username: vitor
• pass: ........
• location: Lisbon
• Partition disks, use entire disk and use LVM
• SCSI1
• separate /home, /usr , /var, /tmp
• write changes to disk and configure LVM: yes
• Finish partitioning and write changes to disk
• Write changes to disk? yes
• install base system
• kernel: linux-image-amd64
• Drivers to include in initrd: generic
• scan another CD/DVD? no
• use network mirror: yes
• Debian archive mirror country: Portugal
• ftp.pt.debian.org

• HTTP proxy: <blank>

• Participate in the package usage survey: No
• select standard utilities
• install GRUB to the MBR? yes
• reboot

Install extra packages

• #login as root
• df -h # check disk usage
• ifconfig # check network devices
• ping www.sapo.pt
• vi /etc/apt/sources.list # comment the line with deb cdrom
• apt-get install lynx
• apt-get install links
• apt-get install xorg
• apt-get install wmaker
• startx #starts X if all goes well
• xterm #open a console
• apt-get install iceweasel

• iceweasel & #run firefox with branding

• apt-get install kdm
• vi /etc/inittab
• #change default runlevel to 5
• #id:5:initdefault
• #add line to runlevel 5
• #x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/X
• reboot # after the reboot should appear the KDM login window
• #login
• xterm
• apt-get install vim
• apt-get install icedove
• apt-get install wmclockmon

• On WindowMaker Clip click with right mouse button and select Attract Icons

• On each attracted icon select Keep Icon
• apt-get install pidgin
• apt-get install emacs
• apt-get install netbeans
• apt-get install mongodb
• apt-get install monodevelop
• apt-get install mono-complete
• apt-get install samba
• apt-get install cifs-utils

Eclipse

• apt-get install eclipse #eclipse 3.8

• eclipse &

• create workspace in ~/workspace

Two monitors with digital output

• xrandr #show the current outputs and definitions for X
• vi /etc/kde4/kdm/Xsetup
• xrandr --output DP-2 --right-of DP-1 # two monitors
• setxkbmap pt # portuguese keyboard

Enable multiarch and install Skype

• dpkg --add-architecture i386
• apt-get update

• wget -O skype-install.deb http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux.deb

• dpkg -i skype-install.deb
• apt-get -f install
• dkpg -i skype-install.deb

Resize /home folder

• df -h #check sizes
• umount /home
• e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/debianWheezy-home
• resizefs /dev/mapper/debianWheezy-home 200G
• lvreduce -L 200G /dev/mapper/debianWheezy-home
• mount /dev/mapper/debianWheezy-home
• vgdisplay

Debian 8.6.0 (Jessie)

• wget http://gemmei.acc.umu.se/debian-cd/8.6.0/amd64/iso-dvd/debian-8.6.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso

VMDebian
Linux
Debian 64 bit
4096MB
VDI type
dynamic allocation
16 GB
create
debian-8.6.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
install
english
location other europe Portugal
default local en_us.UTF8
keyboard portuguese
hostname debian
domain name <empty>
root pass 
new user vitor
clock Lisbon
Partition, guided user entire disk LVM
scsi(0,0,0) sda
all in one partition
write
change yes
Finish partitioning
scan other cd dvd no
use net mirrors yes portugal ftp.pt.debian.org
package survey no
software to install desktop kde lxde ssh web server print server standard utils displaymanager kdm 
install grub in MBR yes /dev/sda
Finish installation continue

VBoxManage setextradata "VMDebian" "CustomVideoMode1" "1366x768x32"
Use 2 cpu cores in the VM
run guest additions 

/etc/apt/sources.list
# sid 
deb http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ sid  main contrib
deb-src http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ sid main contrib
apt-get update

Install debian 10 - buster on external HDD with USB adapter

• dd if=debian-live-10.1.0-amd64-standard.iso of=/dev/sda bs=512k # write ISO file to USB pen drive (8GB)
• boot the pen with UEFI support (Esc and F9 to access Boot menu on HP)
• after boot change the layout to pt in the file /etc/default/keyboard and then run setupcon
• Boot the pen again and choose Debian installer (console)
• Select portuguese language and configure the locale accordingly
• Use guided partinioning, whole disk, scsi5 , sdc with 500 GB
• 3 partitions were created, ESP, root / with ext4 and a swap partition
• Don't use network mirrors
• Define root password and add a user
• Go through all the steps and reboot
• Use the pen again to configure extra EFI definitions inside the ESP partition
• Mount the ESP partition and inside the EFI folder create the BOOT folder
• copy all files inside the debian folder to the BOOT folder
• Go to the BOOT folder and copy the shimx64.efi to BOOTx64.efi
• Boot using the HDD disk
• If an error appears saying "/dev/sdX doesn't exist" with means grub didn't write the right HDD device name. It's required to acces grub options before boot and change the device name
• After a proper boot is made into the HDD we need to run the command update-grub to update the grub with the right device name
• To use WiFI we need the firmware-iwlwifi_20190114-2_all.deb to be installed, download it
• Install using dpkg -i firmware-iwlwifi_20190114-2_all.deb
• The WiFI device detected is wlp2s0
• ip a; iwconfig; ip link set wlp2s0 up; iwlist scan
• An conf file in /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf is required

ap_scan=1
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
network={
  ssid="?????????"
  scan_ssid=1
  proto=RSN WPA
  key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
  group=CCMP TKIP
  pairwise=CCMP TKIP
  psk="???????"
}

• Run command wpa_supplicant -B -c/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -i wlp2s0
• Update the file /etc/apt/sources.list and comment cdrom entry

deb http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free

• apt update
• apt install xorg wmaker xterm lightdm firefox-esr alsa-tools alsa-tools-gui alsa-utils alsa-oss alsamixergui libalsaplayer0 htop wmclockmon vim openjdk-11-jdk docker.io

• /sbin/usermod -a <user> -G docker

• Test X using startx command
• service lightdm start
• Inside /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf in [Seat:*] add display-setup-script=setxkbmap pt
• To control the sound use the alsamixer command. The m key mutes and unmutes the master sound control
• end the current session and start a new one to be able to use docker (docker ps)

cd /boot/efi/EFI/
mv BOOT BOOT_bak
cp -R debian BOOT
cd BOOT
mv shimx64.efi bootx64.efi

• Configure keyboard after login with ibus-setup.

Debian 10 (Buster) in VirtualBox VM

• 4GB RAM, 1 CPU, 16GB disk

   1 wget https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/debian-live-10.1.0-amd64-standard.iso
   2 # run virtualbox 
   3 # new vm
   4 # name Debian buster type linux, version debian 64 bit
   5 # ram 4096 GB
   6 # create virtual vdi 16GB dynamically allocated
   7 #settings storage, ide, choose virtual optical drive, attach iso debian-live-10.1.0-amd64-standard.iso to VM
   8 # start VM
   9 # choose debian installer 
  10 # language: english
  11 # country other, europe, portugal, default locale en_us
  12 # keyboard portuguese
  13 # hostname debian
  14 # domain name ""
  15 # root pass: 
  16 # new user: vitor
  17 # username: vitor
  18 # pwd: 
  19 # configure clock: Lisbon
  20 # partition disks: guided - use entire disk and set up LVM
  21 # use scsi3, sda
  22 # all files in one partition
  23 # write changes and configure lvm: yes
  24 # volume group to use for guided partition: 16.9 GB
  25 # write changes to disk: yes
  26 # use network mirror: yes, portugal, deb.debian.org
  27 # proxy info: blank
  28 # install grub2 in MBR: yes
  29 # install in /dev/sda
  30 # install complete, continue
  31 # reboot
  32 # choose debian gnu/linux
  33 # login with root:toor
  34 apt update
  35 apt install xorg wmaker xterm lightdm firefox-esr htop wmclockmon vim  docker.io  
  36 /sbin/usermod -a vitor -G docker
  37 service lightdm start
  38 # Inside /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf in [Seat:*] 
  39 add display-setup-script=setxkbmap pt 
  40 add greeter-setup-script=setxkbmap pt 
  41 add session-setup-script=setxkbmap pt
  42 
  43 [LightDM] 
  44 add display-setup-script=setxkbmap pt 
  45 add greeter-setup-script=setxkbmap pt 
  46 add session-setup-script=setxkbmap pt
  47 
  48 # In ~/.xsessionrc add
  49 /usr/bin/setxkbmap pt &
  50 /usr/bin/xterm &
  51 
  52 # Devices, insert guest additions cd image
  53 mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
  54 cd /mnt
  55 ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run 
  56 # window maker
  57 workspace, appearance, background, styles, green
  58 workspace, appearance, background, solid, black
  59 workspace, appearance, save theme, MyTheme
  60 
  61 # https://wiki.debian.org/Keyboard#How_to_switch_a_keyboard_layout_in_X11_.2F_graphical_desktop_environment
  62 # The keyboard setup dialog in GNOME 3 will modify IBus's configuration directly, # but for users of other X environments, 
  63 # you can use the ibus-setup command to modify the settings for IBus. To force it # to defer to the settings 
  64 # from /etc/default/keyboard, run ibus-setup, go to the Advanced tab, and check # Use system keyboard layout. 
  65 # ibus-setup
  66 # input method
  67 # add portuguese
  68 
  69 cd C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox
  70 VBoxManage setextradata "Debian buster" "CustomVideoMode1" "1366x768x32" 
  71 
  72 xrandr --output Virtual1 --mode 1360x768
  73 
  74 cat .xsessionrc
  75 /usr/bin/setxkbmap pt&
  76 /usr/bin/xterm &
  77 xrandr --output Virtual1 --mode 1360x768 &
  78 
  79 #### get jdk8 from https://adoptopenjdk.net/
  80 apt install net-tools openssh-server ntp ntpsec-ntpdate
  81 # add host port 2222 to vm guest port 22
  82 /sbin/usermod -a vitor -G vboxfs # shared folder virtualbox
  83 
  84 wget https://archive.eclipse.org/technology/epp/downloads/release/luna/SR2/eclipse-java-luna-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
  85 
  86 cd /opt
  87 tar xvzf eclipse-java-luna-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
  88 chgrp users eclipse/
  89 chgrp users eclipse/* -R
  90 
  91 /opt/eclipse/eclipse.ini
  92 -startup
  93 plugins/org.eclipse.equinox.launcher_1.3.0.v20140415-2008.jar
  94 --launcher.library
  95 plugins/org.eclipse.equinox.launcher.gtk.linux.x86_64_1.1.200.v20150204-1316
  96 -product
  97 org.eclipse.epp.package.java.product
  98 --launcher.defaultAction
  99 openFile
 100 -showsplash
 101 org.eclipse.platform
 102 --launcher.XXMaxPermSize
 103 256m
 104 --launcher.defaultAction
 105 openFile
 106 --launcher.appendVmargs
 107 -vm
 108 /opt/jdk8u222-b10/bin/java
 109 -vmargs
 110 -Dosgi.requiredJavaVersion=1.6
 111 -XX:MaxPermSize=256m
 112 -Xms40m
 113 -Xmx512m
 114 
 115 # run_eclipse.sh 
 116 /opt/eclipse/eclipse
 117 
 118 apt install thunar mousepad wmmon
 119 xrandr --output Virtual1 --mode 1366x768
 120 mousepad oblivion theme monospace regular 12
 121 
 122 cat lightdm.conf  | grep -v "^#"
 123 /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf 
 124 [LightDM]
 125 
 126 display-setup-script = setxkbmap pt
 127 greeter-setup-script = setxknmap pt 
 128 session-setup-script = setxkbmap pt 
 129 [Seat:*]
 130 
 131 [XDMCPServer]
 132 
 133 [VNCServer]
 134 
 135 ####
 136 apt install xfce4-terminal
 137 apt install wmmon
 138 apt install wmix
 139 apt install mono
 140 apt install python-pip
 141 apt install cowsay
 142 apt install unzip
 143 apt install libxml2-utils
 144 apt install gimp
 145 apt install xmlsec1
 146 
 147 xrandr --output Virtual1 --mode 1366x768
 148 
 149 apt install curl zip unzip
 150 /sbin/dhclient enp0s3
 151 
 152 # install openjdk 11
 153 cd ~
 154 wget https://download.java.net/java/GA/jdk11/9/GPL/openjdk-11.0.2_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
 155 tar xvzf openjdk-11.0.2_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
 156 # add ~/jdk-11.0.2/bin to ~/.bashrc
 157 # get eclipse with open jdk 11 support
 158 cd ~
 159 wget http://mirror.dkm.cz/eclipse/technology/epp/downloads/release/2019-09/R/eclipse-java-2019-09-R-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
 160 tar xvzf eclipse-java-2019-09-R-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
 161 
 162 # copy paste
 163 In virtualbox choose general, advanced, shared clipboard, bidirectional

Add LVM disk debian buster

• Virtualbox
• Settings VM, storage, controller sata, add hard disk, create new disk, vdi, next, fixed size, 8GB, create

   1 fdisk /dev/sdb # n, partition , 2st sector 2048, last sector 16777215, w
   2 pvcreate /dev/sdb1 # pvcreate - initialize a disk or partition for use by LVM
   3 vgdisplay  # vgdisplay - display attributes of volume groups
   4 pvscan # pvscan - scan all disks for physical volumes
   5 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sdb1 # vgextend - add physical volumes to a volume group
   6 pvscan # pvscan - scan all disks for physical volumes
   7 lvdisplay  # lvdisplay - display attributes of a logical volume
   8 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sdb1 # lvextend - extend the size of a logical volume
   9 vgdisplay  # vgdisplay - display attributes of volume groups
  10 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root  # resize2fs - ext2/ext3/ext4 file system resizer 
  11 # other disk
  12 fdisk -l
  13 fdisk /dev/sdc
  14 pvcreate /dev/sdc1
  15 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sdc1
  16 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sdc1
  17 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root
  18 df -h
  19 # other disk /dev/sdd 8 GB
  20 fdisk /dev/sdd
  21 pvcreate /dev/sdd1
  22 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sdd1
  23 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sdd1
  24 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root
  25 df -h
  26 # other disk /dev/sde 8GB 
  27 fdisk -l
  28 fdisk /dev/sde # n, partition , 2st sector 2048, last sector 16777215, w
  29 pvcreate /dev/sde1
  30 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sde1
  31 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sde1
  32 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root
  33 df -h
  34 
  35 # other disk /dev/sdf 8GB 
  36 fdisk -l
  37 fdisk /dev/sdf # n, partition , 2st sector 2048, last sector 16777215, w
  38 pvcreate /dev/sdf1
  39 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sdf1
  40 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sdf1
  41 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root
  42 df -h

Alsa and Pulseaudio

   1 apt purge pulseaudio pulseaudio-utils xfce4-pulseaudio-plugin  pavumeter pavucontrol
   2 apt install alsa-tools alsa-tools-gui alsa-utils alsa-oss alsamixergui libalsaplayer0
   3 /sbin/alsactl init
   4 aplay /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav

Sandbox

• Settings, shared folders, Machine folders, Name: sandbox Path: c:\users\userx\sandbox Access: Full Automount: yes At:/sandbox

• /sbin/usermod -a userx -G vboxsf
• ln -s /sandbox/ sandbox

Skype for Linux (deb)

• https://repo.skype.com/latest/skypeforlinux-64.deb

• apt --fix-broken install
• dpkg -i skypeforlinux-64.deb # debian buster

Restart clipboard copy paste in VirtualBox VM

   1 sudo killall VBoxClient
   2 sudo VBoxClient-all

.xsessionrc with xfce-terminal and wider screen (1920x1080)

   1 /usr/bin/setxkbmap pt&
   2 /usr/bin/xfce4-terminal &
   3 #/usr/bin/xterm &
   4 #xrandr --output Virtual-1 --mode 1360x768
   5 #xrandr --output Virtual-1 --mode 1920x1080
   6 xrandr --output Virtual-1 --mode 1680x1050

Remove package

• sudo dpkg -P package_name

Install in Lenovo Yoga 300

• Resize ntfs drive to have space for debian about 120 GB

   1 # Fn+F2 to go to BIOS and change to legacy mode to support USB boot without UEFI
   2 # Legacy boot USB
   3 # Fn+F12 select boot device, USB pen with Debian 10 buster
   4 # Debian graphical installer
   5 # english, other, europe, Portugal, US, portuguese, no firmware, user vitor, use # largest continuous space, one partition, no package manager, install GRUB
   6 # search and install firmware-realtek-20190114-2_all.deb
   7 dpkg -i firmware-realtek_20190114-2_all.deb
   8 dpkg-reconfigure console-setup
   9 # UTF8 Latin1 TerminusBus 16x32
  10 apt update
  11 apt upgrade 
  12 apt install -y firefox-esr leafpad mousepad htop lxdm lxterminal
  13 apt install -y alsa-tools alsa-tools-gui alsa-utils alsa-oss alsamixergui libalsaplayer0 
  14 apt install -y openjdk-11-jdk docker.io docker-compose
  15 /sbin/usermod -a vitor -G docker
  16 # In preferences, IBus preferences choose keyboard pt
  17 ibus-setup
  18 # timezone
  19 apt install -y ntp ntpsec-ntpdate ntpdate
  20 /sbin/ntpdate pt.pool.ntp.org 
  21 /sbin/service ntp start
  22 timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Lisbon
  23 /sbin/service ntp start
  24 /sbin/usermod -aG sudo vitor # add to sudoers
  25 apt install net-tools gimp libreoffice inxi
  26 apt install curl
  27 curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | sh -
  28 # right mouse button on bottom, add/remove panel items, add "manage networks", "battery monitor"
  29 inxi -Fxz
  30 # if issues of rfkill appear run the following
  31 echo 1 > /sys/class/rfkill/rfkill0/state

/etc/apt/sources.list

deb http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free

/etc/xdg/lxsession/LXDE/autostart

@lxpanel --profile LXDE
@pcmanfm --desktop --profile LXDE
@xscreensaver -no-splash
@/usr/bin/setxkbmap pt