Debian

Debian is a free operating system (OS) for your computer. An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your computer run.

All packages list

http://packages.debian.org/stable/allpackages

Sample service blah

File in /etc/init.d/blah with chmod 755:

   1 #! /bin/sh
   2 # /etc/init.d/blah
   3 #
   4 
   5 # Some things that run always
   6 touch /var/lock/blah
   7 
   8 # Carry out specific functions when asked to by the system
   9 case "$1" in
  10   start)
  11     echo "Starting script blah "
  12     echo "Could do more here"
  13     ;;
  14   stop)
  15     echo "Stopping script blah"
  16     echo "Could do more here"
  17     ;;
  18   *)
  19     echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/blah {start|stop}"
  20     exit 1
  21     ;;
  22 esac
  23 
  24 exit 0

Add service

update-rc.d blah defaults
update-rc.d blah defaults 20 80
update-rc.d blah start 20 2 3 4 . start 30 5 . stop 80 0 1 6 .

Remove service

update-rc.d -f blah remove

Check services status

service --status-all
service blah status

Install Debian Wheezy 32 bit

Base Install DW (Debian Wheezy)

In Virtualbox

new,
type linux
version debian
name DW
memory size 512 MB,
create virtual hard drive
vdi type
dynamically allocated
8 GB
power on
choose debian-7.3.0-i386-DVD-1.iso
install
language english
country, other, europe, portugal
locale united states
keyboard portuguese
hostname dw
domain name example.org
root password ********
Real name Vitor
username for account vitor
password for vitor ********
timezone Lisbon
Partitioning method, guided, use entire disk and setup LVM
use SCSI3 sda
Separate /home /usr /var and tmp partitions
Write the changes to disk and configure LVM yes
Finish partitioning and write changes to disk
write the changes to disk? yes
scan another dvd or cd? no
use a network mirror? no
participate in the package usage survey? no
software to install: SSH server, standard system utilities, continue
install grub bootloader to the master boot record? yes
installation complete, continue
reboot
login with root user
ifconfig
ping www.sapo.pt
apt-get update
python -V # version 2.7.3
dpkg -l > /tmp/initialPackages.txt

Installation Debian 7.5.0 amd64 (Wheezy)

Fetch and burn the ISO

wget http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/7.5.0/amd64/iso-dvd/debian-7.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
modprobe sg # fpr cdrecord
cdrecord -scanbus #identify the device
cdrecord -dev=1,0,0 -pad -data debian-7.5.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
# eject the DVD after burning
cd /
mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom #check DVD
cd /mnt/cdrom
ls
cd /
umount /mnt/cdrom

Install

Boot the machine
Insert DVD
select install
language: english
country, other, Europe, Portugal
default locale, United States
keymap: portuguese
load missing firmware from removable media? no
hostname for system: debianWheezy
domain name: bitarus.allowed.org
root pass: ........
full name new user: vitor
username: vitor
pass: ........
location: Lisbon
Partition disks, use entire disk and use LVM
SCSI1
separate /home, /usr , /var, /tmp
write changes to disk and configure LVM: yes
Finish partitioning and write changes to disk
Write changes to disk? yes
install base system
kernel: linux-image-amd64
Drivers to include in initrd: generic
scan another CD/DVD? no
use network mirror: yes
Debian archive mirror country: Portugal
ftp.pt.debian.org
HTTP proxy: <blank>
Participate in the package usage survey: No
select standard utilities
install GRUB to the MBR? yes
reboot

Install extra packages

#login as root
df -h # check disk usage
ifconfig # check network devices
ping www.sapo.pt
vi /etc/apt/sources.list # comment the line with deb cdrom
apt-get install lynx
apt-get install links
apt-get install xorg
apt-get install wmaker
startx #starts X if all goes well
xterm #open a console
apt-get install iceweasel
iceweasel & #run firefox with branding
apt-get install kdm
vi /etc/inittab
#change default runlevel to 5
#id:5:initdefault
#add line to runlevel 5
#x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/X
reboot # after the reboot should appear the KDM login window
#login
xterm
apt-get install vim
apt-get install icedove
apt-get install wmclockmon
On WindowMaker Clip click with right mouse button and select Attract Icons
On each attracted icon select Keep Icon
apt-get install pidgin
apt-get install emacs
apt-get install netbeans
apt-get install mongodb
apt-get install monodevelop
apt-get install mono-complete
apt-get install samba
apt-get install cifs-utils

Eclipse

apt-get install eclipse #eclipse 3.8
eclipse &
create workspace in ~/workspace

Two monitors with digital output

xrandr #show the current outputs and definitions for X
vi /etc/kde4/kdm/Xsetup
xrandr --output DP-2 --right-of DP-1 # two monitors
setxkbmap pt # portuguese keyboard

Enable multiarch and install Skype

dpkg --add-architecture i386
apt-get update
wget -O skype-install.deb http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux.deb
dpkg -i skype-install.deb
apt-get -f install
dkpg -i skype-install.deb

Resize /home folder

df -h #check sizes
umount /home
e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/debianWheezy-home
resizefs /dev/mapper/debianWheezy-home 200G
lvreduce -L 200G /dev/mapper/debianWheezy-home
mount /dev/mapper/debianWheezy-home
vgdisplay

Debian 8.6.0 (Jessie)

wget http://gemmei.acc.umu.se/debian-cd/8.6.0/amd64/iso-dvd/debian-8.6.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso

VMDebian
Linux
Debian 64 bit
4096MB
VDI type
dynamic allocation
16 GB
create
debian-8.6.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
install
english
location other europe Portugal
default local en_us.UTF8
keyboard portuguese
hostname debian
domain name <empty>
root pass 
new user vitor
clock Lisbon
Partition, guided user entire disk LVM
scsi(0,0,0) sda
all in one partition
write
change yes
Finish partitioning
scan other cd dvd no
use net mirrors yes portugal ftp.pt.debian.org
package survey no
software to install desktop kde lxde ssh web server print server standard utils displaymanager kdm 
install grub in MBR yes /dev/sda
Finish installation continue

VBoxManage setextradata "VMDebian" "CustomVideoMode1" "1366x768x32"
Use 2 cpu cores in the VM
run guest additions 

/etc/apt/sources.list
# sid 
deb http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ sid  main contrib
deb-src http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ sid main contrib
apt-get update

Install debian 10 - buster on external HDD with USB adapter

dd if=debian-live-10.1.0-amd64-standard.iso of=/dev/sda bs=512k # write ISO file to USB pen drive (8GB)
boot the pen with UEFI support (Esc and F9 to access Boot menu on HP)
after boot change the layout to pt in the file /etc/default/keyboard and then run setupcon
Boot the pen again and choose Debian installer (console)
Select portuguese language and configure the locale accordingly
Use guided partinioning, whole disk, scsi5 , sdc with 500 GB
3 partitions were created, ESP, root / with ext4 and a swap partition
Don't use network mirrors
Define root password and add a user
Go through all the steps and reboot
Use the pen again to configure extra EFI definitions inside the ESP partition
Mount the ESP partition and inside the EFI folder create the BOOT folder
copy all files inside the debian folder to the BOOT folder
Go to the BOOT folder and copy the shimx64.efi to BOOTx64.efi
Boot using the HDD disk
If an error appears saying "/dev/sdX doesn't exist" with means grub didn't write the right HDD device name. It's required to acces grub options before boot and change the device name
After a proper boot is made into the HDD we need to run the command update-grub to update the grub with the right device name
To use WiFI we need the firmware-iwlwifi_20190114-2_all.deb to be installed, download it
Install using dpkg -i firmware-iwlwifi_20190114-2_all.deb
The WiFI device detected is wlp2s0
ip a; iwconfig; ip link set wlp2s0 up; iwlist scan
An conf file in /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf is required

ap_scan=1
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
network={
  ssid="?????????"
  scan_ssid=1
  proto=RSN WPA
  key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
  group=CCMP TKIP
  pairwise=CCMP TKIP
  psk="???????"
}

Run command wpa_supplicant -B -c/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -i wlp2s0
Update the file /etc/apt/sources.list and comment cdrom entry

deb http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.pt.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free

apt update
apt install xorg wmaker xterm lightdm firefox-esr alsa-tools alsa-tools-gui alsa-utils alsa-oss alsamixergui libalsaplayer0 htop wmclockmon vim openjdk-11-jdk docker.io
/sbin/usermod -a <user> -G docker
Test X using startx command
service lightdm start
Inside /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf in [Seat:*] add display-setup-script=setxkbmap pt
To control the sound use the alsamixer command. The m key mutes and unmutes the master sound control
end the current session and start a new one to be able to use docker (docker ps)

cd /boot/efi/EFI/
mv BOOT BOOT_bak
cp -R debian BOOT
cd BOOT
mv shimx64.efi bootx64.efi

Configure keyboard after login with ibus-setup.

Debian 10 (Buster) in VirtualBox VM

4GB RAM, 1 CPU, 16GB disk

   1 wget https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/debian-live-10.1.0-amd64-standard.iso
   2 run virtualbox 
   3 new vm
   4 name Debian buster type linux, version debian 64 bit
   5 ram 4096 GB
   6 create virtual vdi 16GB dynamically allocated
   7 settings storage, ide, choose virtual optical drive, attach iso debian-live-10.1.0-amd64-standard.iso to VM
   8 start VM
   9 choose debian installer 
  10 language: english
  11 country other, europe, portugal, default locale en_us
  12 keyboard portuguese
  13 hostname debian
  14 domain name ""
  15 root pass: 
  16 new user: vitor
  17 username: vitor
  18 pwd: 
  19 configure clock: Lisbon
  20 partition disks: guided - use entire disk and set up LVM
  21 use scsi3, sda
  22 all files in one partition
  23 write changes and configure lvm: yes
  24 volume group to use for guided partition: 16.9 GB
  25 write changes to disk: yes
  26 use network mirror: yes, portugal, deb.debian.org
  27 proxy info: blank
  28 install grub2 in MBR: yes
  29 install in /dev/sda
  30 install complete, continue
  31 reboot
  32 choose debian gnu/linux
  33 login with root:toor
  34 apt update
  35 apt install xorg wmaker xterm lightdm firefox-esr htop wmclockmon vim  docker.io  
  36 /sbin/usermod -a vitor -G docker
  37 service lightdm start
  38 Inside /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf in [Seat:*] 
  39 add display-setup-script=setxkbmap pt 
  40 add greeter-setup-script=setxkbmap pt 
  41 add session-setup-script=setxkbmap pt
  42 
  43 [LightDM] 
  44 add display-setup-script=setxkbmap pt 
  45 add greeter-setup-script=setxkbmap pt 
  46 add session-setup-script=setxkbmap pt
  47 
  48 In ~/.xsessionrc add
  49 /usr/bin/setxkbmap pt &
  50 /usr/bin/xterm &
  51 
  52 Devices, insert guest additions cd image
  53 mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
  54 cd /mnt
  55 ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run 
  56 # window maker
  57 workspace, appearance, background, styles, green
  58 workspace, appearance, background, solid, black
  59 workspace, appearance, save theme, MyTheme
  60 
  61 
  62 https://wiki.debian.org/Keyboard#How_to_switch_a_keyboard_layout_in_X11_.2F_graphical_desktop_environment
  63  The keyboard setup dialog in GNOME 3 will modify IBus's configuration directly, but for users of other X environments, 
  64 you can use the ibus-setup command to modify the settings for IBus. To force it to defer to the settings 
  65 from /etc/default/keyboard, run ibus-setup, go to the Advanced tab, and check Use system keyboard layout. 
  66 ibus-setup
  67 input method
  68 add portuguese
  69 
  70 cd C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox
  71 VBoxManage setextradata "Debian buster" "CustomVideoMode1" "1366x768x32" 
  72 
  73 xrandr --output Virtual1 --mode 1360x768
  74 
  75 vitor@debian:~$ cat .xsessionrc
  76 /usr/bin/setxkbmap pt&
  77 /usr/bin/xterm &
  78 xrandr --output Virtual1 --mode 1360x768 &
  79 
  80 ####
  81 get jdk8 from https://adoptopenjdk.net/
  82 
  83 apt install net-tools openssh-server ntp ntpsec-ntpdate
  84 add host port 2222 to vm guest port 22
  85 /sbin/usermod -a vitor -G vboxfs # shared folder virtualbox
  86 
  87 wget https://archive.eclipse.org/technology/epp/downloads/release/luna/SR2/eclipse-java-luna-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
  88 
  89 cd /opt
  90 tar xvzf eclipse-java-luna-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
  91 chgrp users eclipse/
  92 chgrp users eclipse/* -R
  93 
  94 /opt/eclipse/eclipse.ini
  95 -startup
  96 plugins/org.eclipse.equinox.launcher_1.3.0.v20140415-2008.jar
  97 --launcher.library
  98 plugins/org.eclipse.equinox.launcher.gtk.linux.x86_64_1.1.200.v20150204-1316
  99 -product
 100 org.eclipse.epp.package.java.product
 101 --launcher.defaultAction
 102 openFile
 103 -showsplash
 104 org.eclipse.platform
 105 --launcher.XXMaxPermSize
 106 256m
 107 --launcher.defaultAction
 108 openFile
 109 --launcher.appendVmargs
 110 -vm
 111 /opt/jdk8u222-b10/bin/java
 112 -vmargs
 113 -Dosgi.requiredJavaVersion=1.6
 114 -XX:MaxPermSize=256m
 115 -Xms40m
 116 -Xmx512m
 117 
 118 run_eclipse.sh 
 119 /opt/eclipse/eclipse
 120 
 121 apt install thunar mousepad wmmon
 122 xrandr --output Virtual1 --mode 1366x768
 123 mousepad oblivion theme monospace regular 12
 124 
 125 cat lightdm.conf  | grep -v "^#"
 126 /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf 
 127 [LightDM]
 128 
 129 display-setup-script = setxkbmap pt
 130 greeter-setup-script = setxknmap pt 
 131 session-setup-script = setxkbmap pt 
 132 [Seat:*]
 133 
 134 [XDMCPServer]
 135 
 136 [VNCServer]
 137 
 138 ####
 139 apt install xfce4-terminal
 140 apt install wmmon
 141 apt install wmix
 142 apt install mono
 143 apt install python-pip
 144 apt install cowsay
 145 apt install unzip
 146 apt install libxml2-utils
 147 apt install gimp
 148 apt install xmlsec1
 149 
 150 xrandr --output Virtual1 --mode 1366x768
 151 
 152 apt install curl zip unzip
 153 /sbin/dhclient enp0s3
 154 
 155 # install openjdk 11
 156 cd ~
 157 wget https://download.java.net/java/GA/jdk11/9/GPL/openjdk-11.0.2_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
 158 tar xvzf openjdk-11.0.2_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
 159 # add ~/jdk-11.0.2/bin to ~/.bashrc
 160 # get eclipse with open jdk 11 support
 161 cd ~
 162 wget http://mirror.dkm.cz/eclipse/technology/epp/downloads/release/2019-09/R/eclipse-java-2019-09-R-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
 163 tar xvzf eclipse-java-2019-09-R-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
 164 
 165 # copy paste
 166 In virtualbox choose general, advanced, shared clipboard, bidirectional

Add LVM disk debian buster

Virtualbox
Settings VM, storage, controller sata, add hard disk, create new disk, vdi, next, fixed size, 8GB, create

   1 fdisk /dev/sdb # n, partition , 2st sector 2048, last sector 16777215, w
   2 pvcreate /dev/sdb1 # pvcreate - initialize a disk or partition for use by LVM
   3 vgdisplay  # vgdisplay - display attributes of volume groups
   4 pvscan # pvscan - scan all disks for physical volumes
   5 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sdb1 # vgextend - add physical volumes to a volume group
   6 pvscan # pvscan - scan all disks for physical volumes
   7 lvdisplay  # lvdisplay - display attributes of a logical volume
   8 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sdb1 # lvextend - extend the size of a logical volume
   9 vgdisplay  # vgdisplay - display attributes of volume groups
  10 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root  # resize2fs - ext2/ext3/ext4 file system resizer 
  11 # other disk
  12 fdisk -l
  13 fdisk /dev/sdc
  14 pvcreate /dev/sdc1
  15 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sdc1
  16 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sdc1
  17 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root
  18 df -h
  19 # other disk /dev/sdd 8 GB
  20 fdisk /dev/sdd
  21 pvcreate /dev/sdd1
  22 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sdd1
  23 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sdd1
  24 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root
  25 df -h
  26 # other disk /dev/sde 8GB 
  27 fdisk -l
  28 fdisk /dev/sde # n, partition , 2st sector 2048, last sector 16777215, w
  29 pvcreate /dev/sde1
  30 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sde1
  31 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sde1
  32 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root
  33 df -h
  34 
  35 # other disk /dev/sdf 8GB 
  36 fdisk -l
  37 fdisk /dev/sdf # n, partition , 2st sector 2048, last sector 16777215, w
  38 pvcreate /dev/sdf1
  39 vgextend debian-vg /dev/sdf1
  40 lvextend /dev/debian-vg/root /dev/sdf1
  41 resize2fs /dev/debian-vg/root
  42 df -h

Alsa and Pulseaudio

   1 apt purge pulseaudio pulseaudio-utils xfce4-pulseaudio-plugin  pavumeter pavucontrol
   2 apt install alsa-tools alsa-tools-gui alsa-utils alsa-oss alsamixergui libalsaplayer0
   3 /sbin/alsactl init
   4 aplay /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Noise.wav

Sandbox

Settings, shared folders, Machine folders, Name: sandbox Path: c:\users\userx\sandbox Access: Full Automount: yes At:/sandbox
/sbin/usermod -a userx -G vboxsf
ln -s /sandbox/ sandbox

Skype for Linux (deb)

https://repo.skype.com/latest/skypeforlinux-64.deb
apt --fix-broken install
dpkg -i skypeforlinux-64.deb # debian buster

Restart clipboard copy paste in VirtualBox VM

   1 sudo killall VBoxClient
   2 sudo VBoxClient-all

.xsessionrc with xfce-terminal and wider screen (1920x1080)

   1 /usr/bin/setxkbmap pt&
   2 /usr/bin/xfce4-terminal &
   3 #/usr/bin/xterm &
   4 #xrandr --output Virtual-1 --mode 1360x768
   5 #xrandr --output Virtual-1 --mode 1920x1080
   6 xrandr --output Virtual-1 --mode 1680x1050

Remove package

sudo dpkg -P package_name